Public Relations in the State Institutions from Galati

The paper aims at identifying and analyzing specific public relations activities in various state institutions from Galati in order to shape a PR typological profile in this geographic area. From the methodological point of view, the paper is based on in-depth interview technique for data collection and content analysis as a method of interpretation. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the professional activity of the specialist in public relations in state institutions in Galati and achieving it was made possible through a structured interview guide on three indicators: professional environment, typological profile, professional responsibilit

BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED-LOOP CIRCUITS WITH THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Concepts of basal ganglia (BG) functions have been strongly influenced by their anatomical interconnections with the cerebral cortex. Views regarding these interconnections have changed dramatically over the past century. Specifically, advances in transneuronal tracing with neurotropic viruses have demonstrated that the BG participate in parallel closed-loop circuits with cerebral cortical areas that underlie motor and cognitive functions (Middleton and Strick, 2000b). Using transneuronal tracing techniques, we have identified two new pathways that allow the BG to influence motor and cognitive processes. First, we used the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus (RV) to show that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist open-loop circuits between the BG and motor cortical areas (Kelly and Strick, 2004; Miyachi et al., 2006; Saga et al., 2011). These open-loop circuits provide a pathway for BG limbic processing to influence both motor and cognitive functions. Second, we used retrograde transneuronal transport of RV to reveal a pathway that enables BG output to influence cerebellar (CB) function. Specifically, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) sends a disynaptic projection to the CB cortex. These results are important because until recently, it was generally accepted that the BG and the CB were not directly connected. The pathway from the BG to the CB complements the recent discovery that the CB sends a disynaptic projection to the striatum (Hoshi et al., 2005). Together, these pathways provide the anatomical substrate for substantial interactions between the BG and the CB, in both the motor and nonmotor domains. Overall, we identified two novel output pathways from the BG: from the VStr to the dorsal PFC and from the STN to the CB cortex. These pathways provide the BG with the potential to influence motor and nonmotor processes, outside of the traditional closed-loop circuits with the cerebral cortex. Considerable evidence suggests that these pathways are likely to have important effects on both normal and abnormal aspects of behavior

Towards a systems-level view of cerebellar function::the interplay between cerebellum, basal ganglia and cortex

Contains fulltext : 170319.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)Despite increasing evidence suggesting the cerebellum works in concert with the cortex and basal ganglia, the nature of the reciprocal interactions between these three brain regions remains unclear. This consensus paper gathers diverse recent views on a variety of important roles played by the cerebellum within the cerebello-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical system across a range of motor and cognitive functions. The paper includes theoretical and empirical contributions, which cover the following topics: recent evidence supporting the dynamical interplay between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortical areas in humans and other animals; theoretical neuroscience perspectives and empirical evidence on the reciprocal influences between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex in learning and control processes; and data suggesting possible roles of the cerebellum in basal ganglia movement disorders. Although starting from different backgrounds and dealing with different topics, all the contributors agree that viewing the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex as an integrated system enables us to understand the function of these areas in radically different ways. In addition, there is unanimous consensus between the authors that future experimental and computational work is needed to understand the function of cerebellar-basal ganglia circuitry in both motor and non-motor functions. The paper reports the most advanced perspectives on the role of the cerebellum within the cerebello-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical system and illustrates other elements of consensus as well as disagreements and open questions in the field

Public Relations in the State Institutions from Galati

The paper aims at identifying and analyzing specific public relations activities in various state institutions from Galati in order to shape a PR typological profile in this geographic area. From the methodological point of view, the paper is based on in-depth interview technique for data collection and content analysis as a method of interpretation. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the professional activity of the specialist in public relations in state institutions in Galati and achieving it was made possible through a structured interview guide on three indicators: professional environment, typological profile, professional responsibility

Self-paced movements induce high-frequency gamma oscillations in primary motor cortex

There has been increasing interest in the functional role of high-frequency (> 30 Hz) cortical oscillations accompanying various sensorimotor and cognitive tasks in humans. Similar “high gamma” activity has been observed in the motor cortex, although the role of this activity in motor control is unknown. Using whole-head MEG recordings combined with advanced source localization methods, we identified high-frequency (65 to 80 Hz) gamma oscillations in the primary motor cortex during self-paced movements of the upper and lower limbs. Brief bursts of gamma activity were localized to the contralateral precentral gyrus (MI) during self-paced index finger abductions, elbow flexions and foot dorsiflexions. In comparison to lower frequency (10–30 Hz) sensorimotor rhythms that are bilaterally suppressed prior to and during movement (Jurkiewicz et al., 2006), high gamma activity increased only during movement, reaching maximal increase 100 to 250 ms following EMG onset, and was lateralized to contralateral MI, similar to findings from intracranial EEG studies. Peak frequency of gamma activity was significantly lower during foot dorsiflexion (67.4 ± 5.2 Hz) than during finger abduction (75.3 ± 4.4 Hz) and elbow flexion (73.9 ± 3.7 Hz) although markedly similar for left and right movements of the same body part within subjects, suggesting activation of a common underlying network for gamma oscillations in the left and right motor cortex. These findings demonstrate that voluntary movements elicit high-frequency gamma oscillations in the primary motor cortex that are effector specific, and possibly reflect the activation of cortico-subcortical networks involved in the feedback control of discrete movements

Cardiac masses and the role of imaging in their diagnostic

Myxomas are the most common primary tumors of the adult heart and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracavitary cardiac masses, along with thrombi and vegetations

Consensus Paper: Towards a Systems-Level View of Cerebellar Function: the Interplay Between Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, and Cortex.

Despite increasing evidence suggesting the cerebellum works in concert with the cortex and basal ganglia, the nature of the reciprocal interactions between these three brain regions remains unclear. This consensus paper gathers diverse recent views on a variety of important roles played by the cerebellum within the cerebello-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical system across a range of motor and cognitive functions. The paper includes theoretical and empirical contributions, which cover the following topics: recent evidence supporting the dynamical interplay between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortical areas in humans and other animals; theoretical neuroscience perspectives and empirical evidence on the reciprocal influences between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex in learning and control processes; and data suggesting possible roles of the cerebellum in basal ganglia movement disorders. Although starting from different backgrounds and dealing with different topics, all the contributors agree that viewing the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex as an integrated system enables us to understand the function of these areas in radically different ways. In addition, there is unanimous consensus between the authors that future experimental and computational work is needed to understand the function of cerebellar-basal ganglia circuitry in both motor and non-motor functions. The paper reports the most advanced perspectives on the role of the cerebellum within the cerebello-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical system and illustrates other elements of consensus as well as disagreements and open questions in the field